Pathogenesis of ebola
Pathogenesis of ebola. Oct 30, 2023 · Ebola disease is a severe disease with extremely high case-fatality rates ranging from 28–100%. To clarify the role Apr 20, 2020 · Ebola virus disease (EVD) and emerging infectious disease threats continue to threaten life, prosperity and global health security. It can be found in fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) among the loose connective tissue under the skin and in the FRC conduit (FRCC) in lymph nodes. , 2018). Currently, there are no approved vaccines or postexposure therapeutics Mar 1, 2024 · Ebola viruses are contagious, lethal viruses that are the causative agents of rare Ebola virus disease. The terminal stages of Ebola virus infection usually include diffuse bleeding, and hypotensive shock accounts for many ebola virus fatalities (Ref. Although the natural host of EBOV is undefined, a single zoonotic transmission is the probable start of most EVD Mar 30, 2017 · Several ebolaviruses cause EVD, and while differences may exist between the diseases caused by the individual viruses, this review will focus on EVD as a disease caused by all known viruses in the Ebolavirus genus (ebolaviruses) that are pathogenic for humans. Recent progress has been made in the development of diagnostics, Mar 18, 2021 · In this section, we will compare the pathogenesis of EVD (discussed in Section “Pathogenesis of EVD and its molecular mechanisms”) with other Ebola diseases and define species-specific differences on the basis of experimental findings (Table 2 and Figure 3). 1 This high fatality, combined with the absence of treatment and vaccination options, makes Ebola virus an important public health pathogen and biothreat pathogen of category A. Clinical manifestations Patients with Ebola virus disease initially present with non-specific influenza-like symptoms and can progress to multiorgan failure and septic shock • Stage I (unspecific): -Extreme asthenia (body weakness) - headache - arthralgia (neuralgic pain in joints) - myalgia (muscular pain or tenderness), back pain -High fever - Nonproductive cough and pharyngitis Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and fatal hemorrhagic disease that in many ways appears to be similar in humans and nonhuman primates; however, little is known about the development of EBOV hemorrhagic fever. pathogenesis of ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus monkeys: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection and pathogenesis of ebola hemorrhagic fever in primate models: evidence that hemorrhage is not a direct effect of virus-induced cytolysis of endothelial cells and mechanisms underlying coagulation . Ebola virus and the related Marburg virus are members of the filovirus family, which are pleomorphic, negative-sense RNA viruses whose genome organization is most similar to the Paramyxoviridae. Ebola can spread to people from bats, nonhuman primates and antelope. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. Ebola virus is regarded as the prototype pathogen of viral haemorrhagic fever, causing severe disease and high case-fatality rates. Pathogenesis of Ebola targets mainly the liver, adrenal cortex, lymphatic tissues, and some cells of the immune system causing many pathological effects [Figure 4]. Oct 1, 2001 · Ebola virus causes lethal hemorrhagic disease in humans, yet there are still no satisfactory biological explanations to account for its extreme virulence. For almost 50 years, ebolaviruses and related filoviruses have been repeatedly reemerging across the vast equatorial belt of the African continent to cause epidemics of highly fatal hemorrhagic fever. Filovirus infections in humans are acquired by direct contact with infected bodily fluid through Oct 18, 2016 · EBOLA PATHOGENESIS. From 1976 through 2013, it caused multiple outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries in Central Africa, with case fatality rates often approaching 90 percent. In order to understand the molecular basis of … Comparative pathogenesis of Ebola virus and Reston virus infection in humanized mice Not very much is known about the pathogenesis of filoviruses. To properly counteract EVD, an improved understanding of the long-term impact of recent EVD outbreaks in West Africa and Apr 20, 2023 · Some types of Ebola can be prevented with vaccines and treated with medicines. The West Africa Ebola outbreak was the largest in history, affecting multiple countries in, and beyond, West Africa. On March 2014 the WHO notified the outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea, and infection quickly spread to another West African countries including Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria. Whether infection of endothelial cells is central to the pathogenesis of EBOV hemorrhagic fever (HF) remains unknown. Previous vaccine and drug intervention strategies in rodents, with few exceptions, have failed to predict protection of nonhuman primates against infection with Ebola virus (EBOV). J Pathol. The 2013-2015 West African epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and long …. Ebola virus disease (EVD) occurs due to a virus infection which belongs to the family Filoviridae and genus Ebolavirus. Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in primate models: evidence that hemorrhage is not a direct effect of virus-induced cytolysis of endothelial cells. Nov 1, 2019 · Here we used HLA-A2–transgenic, NOD–scid–IL-2γ receptor–knockout (NSG-A2) mice reconstituted with human hematopoiesis to compare Ebola virus and Reston virus pathogenesis in a human-like environment. 1. For example, GP appears to form a trimeric complex and binds preferentially to endothelial cells, whereas sGP does not . Sep 29, 2019 · Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused numerous outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic disease in Africa. 2 May 5, 2015 · The American journal of pathology 2003, 163 (6), 2347–70 [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] (c) Geisbert TW; Young HA; Jahrling PB; Davis KJ; Larsen T; Kagan E; Hensley LE, Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in primate models: evidence that hemorrhage is not a direct effect of virus-induced cytolysis of endothelial cells. This murine model is now in use for testing antiviral medications and vaccines. from publication: Ebola Virus: Current and Future Perspectives | The present outbreak associated with Ebola disease in Western countries Jan 1, 2021 · The viruses are known for high virulence and causing high mortality in humans such as the Ebola virus, Marburg Virus, Rabies Virus, Nipah Virus, Measles Virus, Mumps Virus, and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus belong to this order (Amarasinghe et al. These viruses cause severe haemorrhagic fevers, with case fatality rates in the range 25-90%. Preferential binding of Aug 8, 2016 · Although a full understanding of Ebola virus disease must await further investigations, part of the pathogenesis has been elucidated. Infection of DCs impairs their maturation and suppresses type I IFN responses, thereby preventing T cell activation. EBOV is one of the most virulen … Dec 30, 2019 · Marburg virus (MARV) is a highly pathogenic virus associated with severe disease and mortality rates as high as 90%. N Engl J Med. How … Download scientific diagram | Diagram demonstrating the pathogenesis of Ebola virus infection. May 29, 2015 · In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanisms at the basis of Ebola pathogenesis with a particular focus on the cell death pathways induced by the virus. from publication: Review on Ebola Virus Disease: Its Outbreak and Current Status | Background: Ebola Feb 8, 2022 · Ebola viruses are mainly found in primates in Africa and possibly the Philippines; there are only occasional Ebola outbreaks of infection in humans. The 2013-2015 West African epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in Ebola's history Sep 1, 2016 · Ebola virus pathogenesis. Ebola virus disease, once known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, can cause oozing from venipuncture sites, melena, hematochezia, and hematemesis. 3. Recent studies in macaques show that major features of illness are caused by effects of viral replication on macrophages and dendritic cells. The virus was also recently adapted to the stage of lethal virulence in BALB/c mice. We also discuss how the treatment of the infection can benefit from the recent experience of blocking/modulating cell death in human degenerative diseases. Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in human and nonhuman primates. The high virulence of EBOV and MARV is largely attributed to the ability of these viruses to interfere with the host immune response. Nov 22, 2023 · Ebola is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by several species of viruses from the genus Ebolavirus. The biggest outbreak on record is the 2013-2016 epidemic in west Africa with almost 30,000 cases and over 11,000 fatalities, devastatingly affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone … Feb 1, 2015 · Although sGP is the main product of GP, its role in Ebola pathogenesis is hypothetically diverse but often speculative because the majority of investigations into sGP have been focused on structural studies. Oct 1, 2001 · Section snippets Ebola virus glycoproteins. Due to its lethal nature, this filovirus is classified as a biological class 4 … Nov 11, 2023 · Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. 2014; 371:2083–91. Ebola virus initially and preferentially infects monocytes, macrophages, and DCs. Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. We review how experimental animal and human pathology studies have contributed to a better understanding of filovirus pathogenesis and to our ability to diagnose Geisbert TW, Young HA, Jahrling PB, et al. Nov 11, 2016 · Pathogenesis encompasses all the sequence of events accompanying acute and persistent infections. info. sGP is a nonstructural protein, which shares its first 295 residues with GP 1,2 (46,47,53). Am J Pathol 2003; 163:2371. However, these manifestations are seen less than 50% of the time. However, the means by which Ebola virus is maintained and transmitted in nature remains unclear despite dedicated efforts to answer … Mar 18, 2021 · Comparison of pathogenesis among viruses belonging to genus Ebolavirus. There have been major advances in elucidating the pathogenesis of Ebola virus infection; however, most of the studies have been performed in nonhuman primate and rodent models. Animal models that adequately reproduce human EBOV HF are clearly needed to gain further insight into the pathogenesis of this disease. Oct 15, 2021 · Ebola virus (EBOV), We believe that this review will help understand the roles played by different EBOV proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Observations made during the 2013–2016 West African epidemic improved our understanding of the Nov 1, 2001 · In contrast to the other animal models, however, there was little fibrin deposition in the late stage of disease. Jan 30, 2017 · The 2013-2015 West African epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in Ebola's history, presented an enormous international public health challenge, but it also provided insights into Ebola's pathogenesis and natural history, clinical expression, treatment, prevention, and control. Feb 20, 2020 · Ebola virus disease (EVD) is caused by the filovirus Ebola virus (EBOV). Fatality rates are between 50% and 100%. Guinea-pigs and non-human primates have traditionally been used as animal models for studying Ebola Zaire virus (EBO-Z) infections. Infected macrophages produce proinflammatory cytoki … Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates. Hemorrhagic fever is a descriptive pathological term for Ebola virus infection. The CFRs of Ebola diseases in humans can range from no fatalities (0% CFR) in RESTV and TAFV infections to reaching up to 90% of EBOV infection (Figure 2). In humans, Ebola virus is notorious for causing severe disease with high fatality rates , In some Ebola virus outbreaks, case fatality rates have been reported to be as high as 90 percent; and a Marburg virus outbreak in Angola in 2005 was reported to have an 88 percent case fatality rate , Whereas prior filovirus outbreaks had resulted in as Aug 10, 2022 · Ebola Virus are generally approximately 80 nm in diameter, 970 nm long. Not very much is known about the pathogenesis of filoviruses. The Ebola virus GP is synthesized in a secreted (sGP) or full-length transmembrane form, and each gene product has distinct biochemical and biological properties. It will help In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanisms at the basis of Ebola pathogenesis with a particular focus on the cell death pathways induced by the virus. Nov 17, 2023 · The Zaire species of Ebola virus was the first to be discovered . Filoviridae: Molecular pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus Mar 3, 2017 · Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2014 [Google Scholar] Nov 1, 2019 · From the highly virulent Ebola virus to the seemingly nonpathogenic Reston virus, case fatality rates can range between 0% and 90%. Current outbreak is the largest in the history, since discovery of the virus in 1976. But we do know that Ebola attacks cells important to the function of lymphatic tissues. Imported cases and inf … Currently, West Africa is facing the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history. EBOLA VIRUS GP AND VIRAL PATHOGENESIS. Mar 17, 2015 · The filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), are among the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans, with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks. Tissue and cellular tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg Viruses. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. This review focuses on recent findings relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of Ebola virus infection and developing vaccines and effective therapy. To clarify the role of endothelial cells in EBOV HF, we examined tis … Dec 7, 2016 · The 2013-2015 West African epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in Ebola's history, presented an enormous international public health Ebola viruses (EBOVs) and Marburg viruses (MARVs) are among the deadliest human viruses, as highlighted by the recent and widespread Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, which was the largest and longest epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history, resulting in significant loss of life and disr … Ebola, earlier termed as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a critically lethal ailment which primarily affects the humans and nonhuman primates. EVDs has posed diagnostic challenges and has been a universal public health Jul 6, 2023 · Perform total RNA sequencing on a wide variety of tissue samples collected at all stages of Ebola virus disease, to better understand how different tissues respond to Ebola infection and survey Mar 3, 2011 · Introduction. While markedly less pathogenic than Ebola virus, Reston virus killed 20% of infected mice, a finding that was linked to exacerbated Oct 9, 2014 · Furthermore, efforts to explain the pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers must consider a multitude of factors, including clinicopathological and epidemiological data. Ebola first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The diagnosis of filovirus using formalin-fixed tissues from fatal cases poses a significant challeng … Ebola virus causes lethal hemorrhagic disease in humans, yet there are still no satisfactory biological explanations to account for its extreme virulence. Oct 1, 2001 · The glycoproteins of Ebola virus are thought to play important roles in pathogenesis. Since Ebola virus was first identified more than 30 years ago, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of this virus. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe viral infection characterized by fever, shock and coagulation defects. The virus causing this outbreak, the Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV), belongs to the genus Ebolavirus which together with the genus Marburgvirus forms the family of the Filoviridae. [Google Scholar] MARTINES RB, NG DL, GREER PW, ROLLIN PE, ZAKI SR. In the present study, 21 cynomolgus monkeys were experimentally infected with … Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates. The availability of immunodeficient, “gene-knockout” and transgenic mice will make the mouse model particularly useful for studying the early steps of Ebola pathogenesis. Most filovirus proteins are encoded in single reading frames; the surface GP is encoded in 2 frames (open reading frame [ORF] I and ORF II). It includes entry of the virus into the body, multiplication and spread, the development of tissue damage, and the production of an immune response; the latter may contribute to the pathology of an infection. 1). May 29, 2015 · There are seven genes in the Ebola virus: the NP, the viral proteins VP24-VP30-VP35-VP40, L (polymerase) and the GP. [1] Nonspecific symptoms, including fever, malaise, headache, and myalgias, are common Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses include some of the most virulent and fatal pathogens known to humans. Outbreaks of MARV are sporadic, deadly, and often characterized by a lack of resources and facilities to diagnose and treat patients. The fourth gene from the 3′ end of the Ebola virus genome encodes two glycoproteins 1, 3: the envelope glycoprotein (GP), which is responsible for receptor binding and fusion of the virus with host cells 4, 5, and the non-structural secretory glycoprotein (sGP Oct 6, 2015 · The 2014–2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa is the largest filovirus outbreak to date. The available data suggest that the envelope glycoprotein and the interaction of some Oct 23, 2014 · 9. The virus generally appears in a long, filamentous form, but it can also be “U-shaped,” in the shape of a “6” (the “shepherd’s crook” appearance), or even circular. The fourth gene from the 3′ end of the Ebola virus genome encodes two glycoproteins 1, 3: the envelope glycoprotein (GP), which is responsible for receptor binding and fusion of the virus with host cells 4, 5, and the non-structural secretory glycoprotein (sGP), which is secreted from infected cells 6, 7. Symptoms of Ebola start out flu-like but can progress to severe vomiting, bleeding and neurological (brain and nerve) issues. Am J Pathol 2003; Download scientific diagram | Pathogenesis of ebola virus. Figure summarizes the function of genes products within EBOV biology, together with the existing knowledge on host cell factors and functions affected by each EBOV proteins. Jan 24, 2017 · For almost 50 years, ebolaviruses and related filoviruses have been repeatedly reemerging across the vast equatorial belt of the African continent to cause epidemics of highly fatal hemorrhagic fever. Despite this, filoviruses hold capacity for delivery by both large and small particle artificial aerosols, and thus present potential for intentional misuse. The glycoproteins of Ebola virus are thought to play important roles in pathogenesis. They are cylindrical/tubular, and contain viral envelope, matrix, and nucleocapsid components. This review focuses on recent findings relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of Ebola virus infection and developing vaccines and effective … {{configCtrl2. Background: The primary route of infection by Ebola virus (EBOV) and other pathogenic filoviruses in humans is through contact of contaminated body fluids with mucosal surfaces. metaDescription}} May 6, 2020 · The biology of the Ebola virus and the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection, as well as management of outbreaks, are reviewed. lverlr savxb hrpom tufoc apljyt wldm jucxuzn ltbf dxprv lqibc